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[…] Affirmative action is an important issue inside as and outside the courts. In general, affirmative action means that minorities are preferably admitted to universities or employed in government and businesses (Messerli, 2003). Emphasizing a particular attention on jobs and higher education, affirmative action policies require that proper actions are to be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities along with whites receive the same possibilities for promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admissions, scholarships, and financial aid (Brunner, n.d.). The policies are also intended to decrease the level of discrimination among disadvantaged minorities. The programs of affirmative action had a success. But today there are many debates about the reasonableness of the affirmative action policies because these policies cause more problems then they can decide. […]
[…] The judicial system in the USA is rather unique system because it is represented by two Court systems such as the Federal Court system and the State Court system. Each court system bears responsibility for hearing specific kinds of cases, however while they are fully independent, these both systems frequently interact with each other. Moreover, vindicating legal rights and resolving legal disputes is an initial purpose of both systems. The Federal Court system plays a very important role in the American legal system. It is organized in three tiers, similarly to a pyramid. The district courts where litigation starts are at the bottom of this pyramid. The US courts of appeals are in the middle. The US Supreme Court is placed at the top of pyramid. […]
[…] Juvenile delinquency refers to violations of criminal law by minors under age 16-18. Juvenile delinquents are viewed and treated differently from adult criminals. Many criminologists and sociologists view delinquency as a function of the individual while others view delinquency as a macro level function of society. Other theorists connect crime and delinquency in society. Thus, there is a big number of juvenile delinquency definitions. Calhoun and others (1989) state, "Sociologists define deviance as any behavior that members of a social group define as violating their norms. This concept applies both to criminal acts of deviance and non-criminal acts that members of a group view as unethical, immoral, peculiar, sick, or otherwise outside the bounds of respectability". […]
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